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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shutter speed</span></span>

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<p>In <a href="Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, <b>shutter speed</b> or <b>exposure time</b> is the length of time that the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light (that is, when the <a href="Camera" title="Camera">camera</a>'s <a href="Shutter_(photography)" title="Shutter (photography)">shutter</a> is open) when taking a photograph.<sup id="cite_ref-ray_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ray-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

The amount of light that reaches the <a href="Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">film</a> or <a href="Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a> is proportional to the exposure time. <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">500</span></span> of a second will let half as much light in as <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">250</span></span>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2></div>

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<p>The camera's shutter speed, the lens's <a href="Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> or <a href="F-stop" class="mw-redirect" title="F-stop">f-stop</a>, and the scene's <a href="Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a> together determine the amount of light that reaches the film or sensor (the <a href="Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">exposure</a>). <a href="Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a> (EV) is a quantity that accounts for the shutter speed and the f-number. Once the sensitivity to light of the recording surface (either film or sensor) is set in numbers expressed in "<a href="Film_speed#ISO" title="Film speed">ISOs</a>" (e.g. 200 ISO, 400 ISO), the light emitted by the scene photographed can be controlled through aperture and shutter-speed to match the film or sensor sensitivity to light. This will achieve a good exposure when all the details of the scene are legible on the photograph. Too much light let into the camera results in an overly pale image (or "over-exposure") while too little light will result in an overly dark image (or "under-exposure").

</p><p>Multiple combinations of shutter speed and f-number can give the same exposure value (E.V.). According to <a href="Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">exposure value</a> formula, doubling the exposure time doubles the amount of light (subtracts 1 EV). Reducing the aperture size at multiples of one over the square root of two lets half as much light into the camera, usually at a predefined scale of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1299860632">

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</style><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/1</span>, <span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/1.4</span>, <span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2</span>, <span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2.8</span>, <span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/4</span>, <span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/5.6</span>, <span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/8</span>, <span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/11</span>, <span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/16</span>, <span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/22</span>, and so on. For example, <span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/8</span> lets four times more light into the camera as <span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/16</span> does. A shutter speed of <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">50</span></span> s with an <span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/4</span> aperture gives the same exposure value as a <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> s shutter speed with an <span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2.8</span> aperture, and also the same exposure value as a <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">200</span></span> s shutter speed with an <span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2</span> aperture, or <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">25</span></span> s at <span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/5.6</span>.

</p><p>In addition to its effect on exposure, the shutter speed changes the way movement appears in photographs. Very short shutter speeds can be used to freeze fast-moving subjects, for example at sporting events. Very long shutter speeds are used to intentionally blur a moving subject for effect.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Short exposure times are sometimes called "fast", and long exposure times "slow".

</p><p>Adjustments to the aperture need to be compensated by changes of the shutter speed to keep the same (right) exposure.

</p><p>In early days of photography, available shutter speeds were not standardized, though a typical sequence might have been <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> s, <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">25</span></span> s, <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">50</span></span> s, <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> s, <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">200</span></span> s and <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">500</span></span> s; neither were apertures or film sensitivity (at least 3 different national standards existed). Soon this problem resulted in a solution consisting in the adoption of a standardized way of choosing <a href="Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> so that each major step exactly doubled or halved the amount of light entering the camera (<span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2.8</span>, <span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/4</span>, <span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/5.6</span>, <span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/8</span>, <span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/11</span>, <span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/16</span>, etc.), a standardized 2:1 scale was adopted for shutter speed so that opening one aperture stop and reducing the amount of time of the shutter speed by one step resulted in the identical exposure. The agreed standards for shutter speeds are: <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">1000</span></span> s; <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">500</span></span> s; <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">250</span></span> s; <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">125</span></span> s; <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">60</span></span> s; <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">30</span></span> s; <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">15</span></span> s; <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> s; <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> s; <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> s; and 1 s.<sup id="cite_ref-kahn_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kahn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>With this scale, each increment roughly doubles the amount of light (longer time) or halves it (shorter time).

</p><p>Camera shutters often include one or two other settings for making very long exposures:

</p>

<ul><li><b>B</b> (for <i><a href="Bulb_(photography)" title="Bulb (photography)">bulb</a></i>) keeps the shutter open as long as the shutter release is held.</li>

<li><b>T</b> (for <i>time</i>) keeps the shutter open (once the shutter-release button had been depressed) until the shutter release is pressed again.</li></ul>

<p>The ability of the photographer to take images without noticeable blurring by camera movement is an important parameter in the choice of the slowest possible shutter speed for a handheld camera. The rough guide used by most <a href="135_film" title="135 film">35 mm</a> photographers is that the slowest shutter speed that can be used easily without much blur due to camera shake is the shutter speed numerically closest to the lens focal length. For example, for handheld use of a 35 mm camera with a 50 mm <a href="Normal_lens" title="Normal lens">normal lens</a>, the closest shutter speed is <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">60</span></span> s (closest to "50"), while for a 200 mm lens it is recommended not to choose shutter speeds below <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">200</span></span> s. This rule can be augmented with knowledge of the intended application for the photograph, an image intended for significant enlargement and closeup viewing would require faster shutter speeds to avoid obvious blur. Through practice and special techniques such as bracing the camera, arms, or body to minimize camera movement, using a monopod or a tripod, slower shutter speeds can be used without blur. If a shutter speed is too slow for hand holding, a camera support, usually a <a href="Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">tripod</a>, must be used. <a href="Image_stabilization" title="Image stabilization">Image stabilization</a> on digital cameras or lenses can often permit the use of shutter speeds 3–4 stops slower (exposures 8–16 times longer).

</p><p>Shutter priority refers to a shooting mode used in cameras. It allows the photographer to choose a shutter speed setting and allow the camera to decide the correct aperture. This is sometimes referred to as <a href="Shutter_priority" title="Shutter priority">Shutter Speed Priority Auto Exposure</a>, or TV (time value on Canon cameras) mode, S mode on Nikons and most other brands.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creative_utility_in_photography">Creative utility in photography</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Motion_blur" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion blur">Motion blur</a></div>

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The photograph to the right was taken with a slower shutter speed than that to the left, creating a more pronounced motion blur effect and longer streaks of light from vehicle headlights.</div></div></div></div>

<p>Shutter speed is one of several methods used to control the amount of light recorded by the camera's <a href="Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">digital sensor</a> or film. It is also used to manipulate the visual effects of the final image.

</p>

<p>Slower shutter speeds are often selected to suggest the movement of an object in a still photograph.

</p><p>Excessively fast shutter speeds can cause a moving subject to appear unnaturally frozen. For instance, a running person may be caught with both feet in the air with all indication of movement lost in the frozen moment.

</p><p>When a slower shutter speed is selected, a longer time passes from the moment the shutter opens till the moment it closes. More time is available for movement in the subject to be recorded by the camera as a blur.

</p><p>A slightly slower shutter speed will allow the photographer to introduce an element of blur, either in the subject, where, in our example, the feet, which are the fastest moving element in the frame, might be blurred while the rest remains sharp; or if the camera is <a href="Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">panned</a> to follow a moving subject, the background is blurred while the subject remains relatively sharp.

</p><p>The exact point at which the background or subject will start to blur depends on the speed at which the object is moving, the angle that the object is moving in relation to the camera, the distance it is from the camera and the focal length of the lens in relation to the size of the digital sensor or film.

</p><p>When slower shutter-speeds, in excess of about half a second, are used on running water, the water in the photo will have a ghostly white appearance reminiscent of <a href="Fog" title="Fog">fog</a>. This effect can be used in <a href="Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">landscape photography</a>.

</p><p><a href="Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a> is a technique which entails the variation of the focal length of a zoom lens during a longer exposure. In the moment that the shutter is opened, the lens is zoomed in, changing the focal length during the exposure. The center of the image remains sharp, while the details away from the center form a radial blur, which causes a strong visual effect, forcing the eye into the center of the image.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The following list provides an overview of common photographic uses for standard shutter speeds.

</p>

<ul><li><i><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16,000</span></span> s and less</i>: The fastest speed available in <a href="APS-H" class="mw-redirect" title="APS-H">APS-H</a> or <a href="APS-C" title="APS-C">APS-C</a> format <a href="DSLR" class="mw-redirect" title="DSLR">DSLR</a> cameras (as of 2012). (<a href="Canon_EOS_1D" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon EOS 1D">Canon EOS 1D</a>, <a href="Nikon_D1" title="Nikon D1">Nikon D1</a>, <a href="Nikon_1_series" title="Nikon 1 series">Nikon 1 J2</a>, <a href="Nikon_D1X" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon D1X">D1X</a>, and <a href="Nikon_D1H" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon D1H">D1H</a>)</li>

<li><i><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">12,000</span></span> s</i>: The fastest speed available in any <a href="135_film" title="135 film">35 mm</a> film <a href="Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a> camera. (<a href="Minolta" title="Minolta">Minolta</a> <a href="Minolta_9xi" title="Minolta 9xi">Maxxum 9xi</a>, <a href="Minolta_Maxxum_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Minolta Maxxum 9">Maxxum 9</a><i></i></li>

<li><i><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8000</span></span> s</i>: The fastest speed available in production <a href="Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a> cameras (as of 2013), also the fastest speed available in any <a href="Full-frame_digital_SLR" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-frame digital SLR">full-frame DSLR</a> or <a href="Sony_SLT_camera" title="Sony SLT camera">SLT</a> camera (as of 2013). Used to take sharp photographs of very fast subjects, such as birds or planes, under good lighting conditions, with an <a href="ISO_film_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO film speed">ISO speed</a> of 1,000 or more and a large-aperture lens.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4000</span></span> s</i>: The fastest speed available in <a href="Consumer" title="Consumer">consumer</a> SLR cameras (as of 2009); also the fastest speed available in any <a href="Leaf_shutter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf shutter">leaf shutter</a> camera (such as the <a href="Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-RX1" title="Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX1">Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX1</a>) (as of 2013). Used to take sharp photographs of fast subjects, such as athletes or vehicles, under good lighting conditions and with an ISO setting of up to 800.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2000</span></span> s and <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">1000</span></span> s</i>: Used to take sharp photographs of moderately fast subjects under normal lighting conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">500</span></span> s and <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">250</span></span> s</i>: Used to take sharp photographs of people in motion in everyday situations. <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">250</span></span> s is the fastest speed useful for <a href="Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">panning</a>; it also allows for a smaller aperture (up to <span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/11</span>) in motion shots, and hence for a greater depth of field.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">125</span></span> s</i>: This speed, and slower ones, are no longer useful for freezing motion. <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">125</span></span> s is used to obtain greater <a href="Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a> and overall sharpness in <a href="Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">landscape photography</a>, and is also often used for panning shots.</li>

<li><i><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">60</span></span> s</i>: Used for panning shots, for images taken under dim lighting conditions, and for available light portraits.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">30</span></span> s</i>: Used for panning subjects moving slower than 30 miles per hour (48 km/h) and for available-light photography. Images taken at this and slower speeds normally require a <a href="Tripod" title="Tripod">tripod</a> or an <a href="Image_stabilization" title="Image stabilization">image stabilized</a> lens/camera to be sharp.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">15</span></span> s and <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> s</i>: This and slower speeds are useful for photographs other than panning shots where motion blur is employed for deliberate effect, or for taking sharp photographs of immobile subjects under bad lighting conditions with a tripod-supported camera.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> s, <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> s and 1 s</i>: Also mainly used for motion blur effects and/or low-light photography, but only practical with a tripod-supported camera.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i><a href="Bulb_(photography)" title="Bulb (photography)">B (bulb)</a></i> (fraction of second to several hours): Used with a mechanically fixed camera in <a href="Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">astrophotography</a> and for certain special effects.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="gallerytext">Star trails like these are created by using a long exposure to capture the apparent motion of the stars.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">The Whirligig (now DC Super-Villains Swing) ride during night at <a href="Six_Flags_Great_America" title="Six Flags Great America">Six Flags Great America</a> at an exposure time of 0.8 seconds.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Light streaks outside <a href="London_Waterloo_station" title="London Waterloo station">London Waterloo station</a>.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Effect of different shutter speeds on photograph.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">A 30-second exposure of the rotating <a href="New_Technology_Telescope" title="New Technology Telescope">New Technology Telescope</a></div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cinematographic_shutter_formula">Cinematographic shutter formula</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Rotary_disc_shutter" title="Rotary disc shutter">Rotary disc shutter</a></div>

<p>Motion picture cameras used in traditional <a href="Film" title="Film">film</a> <a href="Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinematography</a> employ a mechanical <a href="Rotary_disc_shutter" title="Rotary disc shutter">rotating shutter</a>. The shutter rotation is synchronized with film being pulled through the gate, hence shutter speed is a function of the <a href="Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rate</a> and <a href="Shutter_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutter angle">shutter angle</a>.

</p><p>Where <i>E</i> = shutter speed (reciprocal of exposure time in seconds), <i>F</i> = frames per second, and <i>S</i> = shutter angle:<sup id="cite_ref-brown_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E={\frac {F\cdot 360^{\circ }}{S}}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./e9f60223585b5d0402c90456e90672ef883cf491.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:13.672ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E={\frac {F\cdot 360^{\circ }}{S}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, for <i>E</i> in reciprocal seconds</dd></dl>

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S={\frac {F\cdot 360^{\circ }}{E}}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./204a01473690805fe0736f8988ae6e3273a12e65.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:13.395ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S={\frac {F\cdot 360^{\circ }}{E}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>

<p>With a traditional shutter angle of 180°, film is exposed for <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">48</span></span> second at 24 frame/s.<sup id="cite_ref-brown_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avoid effect of light interference when shooting under artificial lights or when shooting television screens and computer monitors, <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">50</span></span> s (172.8°) or <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">60</span></span> s (144°) shutter is often used.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Electronic video cameras do not have mechanical shutters and allow setting shutter speed directly in time units. Professional video cameras often allow selecting shutter speed in terms of shutter angle instead of time units, especially those that are capable of <a href="Overcranking" class="mw-redirect" title="Overcranking">overcranking</a> or <a href="Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">undercranking</a>.

</p>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Shutter_speed" class="extiw external" title="commons:Shutter speed"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Shutter speed</span></a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a href="Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure (photography)</a></li>

<li><a href="Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li>

<li><a href="F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li>

<li><a href="Shutter_(photography)" title="Shutter (photography)">Shutter (photography)</a></li>

<li><a href="Preferred_number" title="Preferred number">Preferred number</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFSidney_F._Ray2000" class="citation book cs1">Sidney F. Ray (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHX4xB94vcMC&pg=PA132">"Camera Features"</a>. In Ralph Eric Jacobson; et al. (eds.). <i>Manual of Photography: A Textbook of Photographic and Digital Imaging</i> (Ninth ed.). Focal Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">131–</span>132. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-240-51574-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLee_Frost2000" class="citation book cs1">Lee Frost (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IugNeG0vIMcC&pg=RA1-PA142"><i>The Complete Guide to Night and Low-Light Photography</i></a>. Amphoto Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8174-5041-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-kahn-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kahn_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCub_Kahn1999" class="citation book cs1">Cub Kahn (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EZhNY--TZjIC&pg=PT21"><i>Essential Skills for Nature Photography</i></a>. Amherst Media. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-58428-009-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160618082252/http://www.illustratedphotography.net/basic-photography/understanding-shutter-speed">"About Shutter Speed"</a>. <i>Illustrated Photography</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.illustratedphotography.net/basic-photography/understanding-shutter-speed">the original</a> on June 18, 2016.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doeffinger, 5</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doeffinger, 6</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doeffinger, 7–12</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doeffinger, 12–17</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doeffinger, 20–22</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doeffinger, 24</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doeffinger, 26–30</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doeffinger, 32–40</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doeffinger, 41 et seq.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1527a/">"Stars Circle La Silla"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714001715/http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1527a/">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-brown-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brown_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBlain_Brown2002" class="citation book cs1">Blain Brown (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cinematographyth0000brow"><i>Cinematography: Theory and Practice : Imagemaking for Cinematographers, Directors & Videographers</i></a></span>. Focal Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cinematographyth0000brow/page/125">125</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-240-80500-3</bdi>. <q>cinematography 360 shutter-angle shutter speed.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJeppsen2007" class="citation web cs1">Jeppsen, Matt (July 11, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.provideocoalition.com/shutter-speed-vs-shutter-angle/">"Shutter Speed vs. Shutter Angle"</a>. <i>provideocoalition.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113213201/http://provideocoalition.com/index.php/freshdv/story/shutter_speed_vs_shutter_angle">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDoeffinger2009" class="citation book cs1">Doeffinger, Derek (2009). <i>Creative Shutter Speed: Master Your Camera's Most Powerful Control</i>. Wiley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-470-45362-9</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Photography245" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a>

<ul><li><a href="Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li>

<li><a href="Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li>

<li><a href="Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li>

<li><a href="Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li>

<li><a href="Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li>

<li><a href="Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a>

<ul><li><a href="Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li>

<li><a href="Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a>

<ul><li><a href="Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li>

<li><a href="Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li>

<li><a href="Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li>

<li><a href="Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li>

<li><a href="Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li>

<li><a href="Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li>

<li><a href="Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li>

<li><a href="Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li>

<li><a href="Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li>

<li><a href="Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li>

<li><a href="Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li>

<li><a href="Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li>

<li><a href="Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li>

<li><a href="Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li>

<li><a href="Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a>

<li><a href="Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li>

<li><a href="Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li>

<li><a href="Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li>

<li><a href="Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li>

<li><a href="Black-and-white" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li>

<li><a href="Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li>

<li><a href="Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li>

<li><a href="Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li>

<li><a href="Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li>

<li><a href="Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li>

<li><a href="Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li>

<li><a href="Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li>

<li><a href="Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li>

<li><a href="F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a>

<ul><li><a href="Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li>

<li><a href="Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li>

<li><a href="Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li>

<li><a href="Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li>

<li><a href="Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li>

<li><a href="Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li>

<li><a href="Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li>

<li><a href="Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li>

<li><a href="Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li>

<li><a href="Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li>

<li><a href="Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li>

<li><a href="Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li>

<li><a href="Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li>

<li><a href="Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li>

<li><a href="Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li>

<li><a href="Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li>

<li><a href="Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li>

<li><a href="Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li>

<li><a href="Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li>

<li><a href="Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li>

<li><a href="Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li>

<li><a href="Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li>

<li><a href="Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li>

<li><a href="Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li>

<li><a href="High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li>

<li><a href="Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li>

<li><a href="Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li>

<li><a href="Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li>

<li><a href="Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li>

<li><a href="Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a>

<ul><li><a href="Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li>

<li><a href="Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li>

<li><a href="Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li>

<li><a href="Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li>

<li><a href="Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li>

<li><a href="Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li>

<li><a href="Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li>

<li><a href="Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li>

<li><a href="Crittercam" title="Crittercam">Crittercam</a> (<a href="Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li>

<li><a href="Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li>

<li><a href="Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li>

<li><a href="Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li>

<li><a href="High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li>

<li><a href="Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li>

<li><a href="Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li>

<li><a href="Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li>

<li><a href="Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Lomography" title="Lomography">Lomography</a></li>

<li><a href="Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li>

<li><a href="Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li>

<li><a href="Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li>

<li><a href="Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li>

<li><a href="Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li>

<li><a href="Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li>

<li><a href="Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li>

<li><a href="Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li>

<li><a href="Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li>

<li><a href="Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li>

<li><a href="Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li>

<li><a href="Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li>

<li><a href="Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a>

<li><a href="Sprocket_hole_photography" title="Sprocket hole photography">Sprocket hole</a></li>

<li><a href="Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li>

<li><a href="Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a>

<ul><li><a href="Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li>

<li><a href="Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li>

<li><a href="Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li>

<li><a href="Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li>

<li><a href="Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li>

<li><a href="Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li>

<li><a href="Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li>

<li><a href="Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Film photography">Film photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li>

<li><a href="Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li>

<li><a href="Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li>

<li><a href="Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li>

<li><a href="Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li>

<li><a href="Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li>

<li><a href="Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li>

<li><a href="Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li>

<li><a href="Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a>

<li><a href="Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li>

<li><a href="Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a>

<ul><li><a href="Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li>

<li><a href="Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li>

<li><a href="CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li>

<li><a href="RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br>processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li>

<li><a href="C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li>

<li><a href="Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li>

<li><a href="Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li>

<li><a href="E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li>

<li><a href="Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li>

<li><a href="Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li>

<li><a href="Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li>

<li><a href="Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li>

<li><a href="K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li>

<li><a href="Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li>

<li><a href="Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a>

<li><a href="Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Say_cheese" title="Say cheese">Say cheese</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-10-04" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Shutter_speed&oldid=1249397212">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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